Contains crustacean shellfish (from crab and shrimp).
Suggested Dose: Take 1-2 capsules with each meal and before bed, or as directed by your health care practitioner.
Read Customer questions and answers about Osteoarthritis in our FAQ.
Glucosamine sulfate is one of several naturally occurring amino sugars that are necessary for the rebuilding and healthy maintenance of connective tissue, including tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone matrix. Increased age is associated with glycation of cartilage that reduces the production of proteoglycans involved as joint lubricants. Glucosamine is an essential component of proteoglycans and may be nutritionally required to re-establish proteoglycan levels.
A meta-analysis of fifteen double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials revealed that glucosamine sulfate was superior to placebo in all fifteen studies. Patients receiving glucosamine sulfate have a gradual and progressive reduction in joint pain and tenderness, as well as improved range of motion and walking speed. Glucosamine is well tolerated. Glucosamine sulfate is stabilized with either sodium chloride, or potassium chloride. Our glucosamine product is stabilized with potassium chloride, in an effort to avoid an additional source of sodium for patients.
Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan that is a major component of cartilage; it is rich in sulfur, and related to glucosamine. It helps to hold water and nutrients in joint tissue, and enhances the circulation of nutrient molecules in cartilage. A meta-analysis performed on seven, randomized, double-blind clinical trials using chondroitin sulfate showed it to be significantly superior to placebo with respect to the Lequesne index and other pain scores.
MSM (methyl sulfonyl methane) is a source of organic sulfur found naturally in the human body. MSM is a stable metabolite of DMSO and is 34% elemental sulfur. It supports many functions, including maintenance of connective tissue health. Replacement and repair of collagen basement membrane, procollagen, and collagen are dependent on an adequate dietary supply of sulfur. MSM has been found to lessen destructive changes in joints.
Cetyl myristoleate is a naturally occurring ester of a myristoleic acid that is commercially obtained from palmitic acid. An investigation into why mice do not suffer from joint pain and inflammation led to the discovery of cetyl myristoleate as the responsible agent. In a study of rats injected with a joint inflammatory-producing material, the cetyl myristoleate group was healthy and had virtually no signs of joint inflammation whereas the control group was unhealthy and had severe swelling. Cetyl myristoleate is thought to have several mechanisms of action: (1) serves as a lubricant for the joints; (2) functions as an immune system modulator; and (3) mediates the inflammatory process.
Niacinamide has been used for joint pain and stiffness relief for the past fifty years. Recent evidence shows that niacinamide is effective in suppressing the inflammatory cascade and in modifying gene expression that affects joint tissue integrity. It does this partly by inhibiting PARS, a repair enzyme activated by DNA strand breaks caused by reactive oxygen species. PARS activation leads to an energy-depleting cycle that depletes the cell of NAD and ATP, causing dysfunction. A double-blind, placebo controlled study of patients with joint pain using niacinamide had these results: global joint discomfort improved by 29% in subjects on niacinamide and worsened by 10% in placebo subjects, and joint mobility of niacinamide subjects increased by 4.5 degrees more than controls.
Boswellia serrata gum extract contains boswellic acids that have been used for centuries by Ayurvedic medicine for joint pain and other inflammatory conditions. Boswellic acids modulate the 5-lipoxygenase pathways to leukotriene synthesis thereby promoting pain reduction.
Zingiber officinale (Ginger) is known to be a potent inhibitor of inflammatory prostaglandins and thromboxanes. In one study, patients experiencing joint discomfort reported significant pain relief following the consumption of ginger.
Curcuma longa (Turmeric) contains curcumin, one of the active ingredients in turmeric. It inhibits free radical damage and may reduce inflammation. Curcumin has been shown to significantly reduce paw inflammation in rats.
Rosemarinus officinalis (Rosemary) has a number of active components that inhibit lipid peroxidation and superoxide generation. Rosmarinic acid has a suppressive effect on inflammation by inhibiting the complement pathway.
References: 1.Deal, C et al, Nutraceuticals as therapeutic agents in osteoarthritis. The role of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen hydrolysate, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 1999, 25(2):379-95 2.Qiu, G et al, Efficacy and safety of glucasamine sulfate versus ibuprofen in patients with knee osteoarthritis, Arzneimittelforschung, 1998, 48(5):469-74 3.Leeb, B et al, A metaanalysis of condroitin sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis, J Rheumatol, 2000, 27(1):205-11 4.Murav'ev, V et al, [Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone on a destructive process in the joints ofmice with spontaneous arthritis, Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter, 1991, (2):37-9 5.Diehl H, et al, Cetyl myristoleate isolated from Swiss albino mice: an apparent protective agent against adjuvant arthritis in rats, J Pharm Sci, 1994. 83(3):296-9 6.Szabo, C. Role of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase in inflammation, Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 350(1):1-19 7.Jonas, W et al, The effect of niacinimide on osteoarthritis: a pilot study, Inflamm Res, 1996, 45(7):330-4 8.Safayhi, H et al, Boswellic acids: novel, specific, nonredox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1992, 261(3):1143-6 9.Kiuchi, F et al, Inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis by gingerols and diarylheptanoids, Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 1992, 40(2):387-91 10.Srivastava, KC et al, Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and rheumatic disorders, Med Hypotheses 1989, 29(1):25-8 11.Garrett, N et al, Effect of capsaicin on substance P and nerve growth factor in adjuvant arthritic rats, Neurosci Lett, 1997, 11;230(1):5-8 12.Masuda T et al., Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory curcumin related phenolics from rhizomes of Curcuma domestica. In: Phytochemistry 32:1557. 1993.. 13.Arora R et al, Anti-inflammatory studies on Curcuma longa (turmeric), Ind J Med Res 1971, 59:1289?95. 14.Joe, B et al, Presence of an acidic glycoprotein in the serum of arthritic rats: modulation by capsaicin and curcumin, Mol Cell Biochem 1997 Apr; 169(1-2):125-34 15.Haraguchi, H et al, Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and superoxide generation by diterpenoids from Rosmarinus officinalis, Planta Med 1995, 61(4):333-6 16.Englberger, W et al, Rosmarinic acid: a new inhibitor of complement C3-convertase with anti-inflammatory activity, Int J Immunopharmacol 1998, 10(6):729-3
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