Designs for Health new PaleoMeal is Better than ever!
The great tasting, Paleolithic profile meal supplement has undergone some exciting changes, and now features:
3 grams of fiber per serving
Improved texture and ease of mixing
Better than ever taste
NatureFolate and an increase in B vitamins
Creatine MagnaPower
Great for making protein shakes
Increased fiber and the Inulin difference PaleoMeal also boasts a higher fiber content, and now includes the prebiotic fiber inulin, which has a subtly sweet flavor but does not impact blood sugar levels. This soluble fiber is shown to have health-promoting advantages, from helping to protect against metabolic syndrome by controlling blood lipids and blood glucose, to supporting GI health through its ability to modulate gut microbia.
Improved texture and ease of mixing Because inulin is a soluble fiber, it dissolves easily in water. This makes the improved PaleoMeal even easier to mix and thus, helps to create an ultra-smooth texture.
Better than ever taste Natural, beneficial sweeteners like chalcone (a natural bioflavonoid derived sweetener), the sugar alcohol erythritol, and the herb stevia, along with a natural strawberry banana flavor are used to create a wonderful strawberry banana taste.
NatureFolate and increased B vitamins An increased amount of the major B vitamins (B1, B2, B3 and B6) from 2.5 mg to 10 mg per serving. Another important change within the B family is the inclusion of NatureFolate natural vitamin folates that are found in foods such as eggs and spinach and are immediately active and bioavailable to the human body.
Creatine MagnaPower for energy reserves In addition, the creatine included in PaleoMeal is from Albions patented Creatine MagnaPower, a magnesium creatine chelate which provides both creatine and magnesium. This stabilized creatine increases the bodys ability to synthesize and regenerate the ATP required for supplying the energy that is needed for muscle effort.
Please note: The Serving Size increased from 30g to 36g to accommodate PaleoMeal's new higher nutrient content and delicious new flavor profile. Servings per container: 540g = 15
Why Choose PaleoMeal?
Highest Quality Ingredients and Formulation PaleoMeal is made with exceptional quality whey protein, which comes from herds that graze on pesticide-free, chemical-free natural grass pastures. These milking cows are never given bovine growth hormone or any other hormones (No rBST or rBGH), genetically modified organisms or injected pathogens. This whey protein is never exposed to high heat temperatures. The result is the highest quality protein supplement, rich in immunoglobulins and lactoferrin, and free of artificial flavors and sweeteners.
Better than Soy Whey protein is nature's richest source of biologically active protein. Unlike soy protein, which is low in the amino acid methionine, whey protein contains all the amino acids the body needs in the best balance yet discovered in any food. Because whey protein is derived from milk, lactase enzyme was added to aid in the digestion of the small amount of lactose in this product. Those who are sensitive to milk products may be able to tolerate this whey protein, however, if you are allergic to milk and milk products, use PaleoMeal under the guidance of your health care practitioner. Animal studies show that whey protein increases longevity in aging mice and enhances liver and heart glutathione concentrations. Whey protein provides a good source of the amino acids, cysteine and leucine, which support the production of detoxifying elements needed to eliminate mercury from the body. DFH chose whey protein not just because it is an outstanding source of complete protein, but also for its host of other benefits, including its immune-boosting properties.
Who could benefit from PaleoMeal?
PaleoMeal is suggested in combination therapies for:
Weight Loss and Maintenance
Lipid Management
Type II Diabetic Control
Blood Sugar Balance
Hypoglycemia
Mercury Toxicity
Weight Training
Yeast Overgrowth
Leaky Gut Syndrome
GastroIntestinal (GI) Support
Liver Support
Powerful Antioxidant Properties
Immune-Support
Energizing
Drinking a PaleoMeal shake each day will give you natural energy, help you burn body fat, and give you better endurance and a healthier body.
This newly revised PaleoMeal formula contains the highest quality whey protein available, and improved taste. Proserum Whey Protein is a proprietary non-denatured, whey protein concentrate that is produced to maintain the full range of all the fragile immune boosting and regenerative components naturally present in fresh raw milk.
More details on production of the whey.... The fresh milk is heated once. It is pasteurized at 75 degrees C for 15 seconds. It is a low temperature method and unique in that it is not used by commercial dairies as it is very expensive to produce a finished product using this method. There is no heating to the liquid whey or whey protein powder. The milk and liquid whey are not exposed to acid or alkali treatment. The filtration method is proprietary information.
Proserum is produced using proprietary filtration and drying which involves the minimum amount of processing. They do not use cross-flow filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, hydrolyzation or ion exchange because these methods denature the original, native proteins.
A Paleo Shake will energize you with its optimal ratio of proteins, EFAs, carbohydrates, and antioxidants. Whether you are trying to burn fat or increase muscle and endurance, PaleoMeal is a perfect meal replacement smoothie. Also highly beneficial for those trying to lower cholesterol and triglycerides, balancing blood sugar, and increase intestinal health. Try one of our 12 famous Paleomeal Smoothie Recipes today!
Dissolves in water or liquids with no clumping or grainy taste.
Contains Immunoglobulins, Lactoferrin, and L-Glutamine which improve GI health immune system strength. (All other whey proteins on market are high heat processed which destroys its biological activity).
Organic* quality whey which is low heat processed and from herds that graze on pesticide-free, chemical-free natural grass pastures. (*not USDA Certified Organic). These milking cows are never subject to any chemicals, hormones, antibiotics, genetically modified organisms, hyper-immunizations or injected pathogens. They are never given bovine growth hormone or any other hormones. (No rBST or rBGH).
Free of artificial flavors and sweeteners (Chocolate and Strawberry Banana Flavors contain beneficial sweeteners like chalcone (a natural bioflavonoid derived sweetener), the sugar alcohol erythritol, and the herb stevia). No stimulants. 100% natural!
See "More Info" tab to read more...
Contact us by email if you plan to buy more than 3 units. We'll send you a coupon!
Paleomeal Whey Protein Ingredients. View product label here. Paleomeal whey is created from fresh raw milk from (non-pesticide treated) grass fed cows (from happy USA Holstein Heifer cows) which have not been treated with antibiotics or growth hormone. This whey is not a by-product from the cheese industry. No animal or alcohol derivatives are used in the manufacturing. Manufactured in a facility with equipment that does NOT process nuts.
These polypropylene containers contain no BPA
Chocolate Flavor: Serving Size: 1 Scoop (36g)
Calories 115
Total Fat 2 g
Saturated Fat 1 g
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 26 mg
Sodium 60 mg
Potassium 190 mg
Total Carbohydrates 8 g
Dietary Fiber 4 g
Soluble Fiber 0.5 g
Insoluble Fiber 3.5 g
Sugars 1 g
Protein 17 g
Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) 100 mg
Vitamin E (Total Natural Tocopherols) 100 mg, as d-gamma 63.5 mg, as d-alpha 6.7 mg/10 IU, as d-beta 1.25 mg, as delta 29 mg
Zinc (as Zinc Chelazome Bis-Glycinate Chelate) 3.9 g
Chromium (TRAACS® chromium nicotinate glycinate chelate) 50 mcg
Total Glutamine Value 3.9 g
Bound Glutamic Acid (Proserum®) 3 g
L-Glutamine 900 mg
Immunoglobulins (Proserum® Whey Protein) 2.1 g
Phosphatidylcholine (from Soy Lecithin) 840 mg
Creatine (from Creatine MagnaPower®) 550 mg
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) 120 mg
Taurine 100 mg
n-zymes 50 mg
Amylase 2200 DU
Protease 4.5 5000 HUT
Protease 3.0 10.7 SAPU
Protease 6.0 (Concentrate) 2000 HUT
Lactase 400 ALU
Inositol 50 mg
Other Ingredients: Proprietary whey protein concentrate (Proserum®), vegetable fiber, natural cocoa, natural flavor (vanilla cream), inulin, bioflavonoid sweetener (chalcone), erythritol and stevia (leaf) extract, cellulose gum.
This product does not contain: fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, eggs, wheat, gluten, artificial colors, flavors or preservatives.
Please note for all 4 PaleoMeal Flavors:
These products do not contain: artificial colors, flavors, or sweeteners. PaleoMeal was not intended to be the sole source of calories, but as part of an overall program of healthy eating.
Recommended Use: As a dietary supplement, mix 36 grams (approx. one scoop) in eight ounces of water or any other beverage per day, or as directed by your health care practitioner. PaleoMeal may be blended into a shake if desired. PaleoMeal is not intended to be the sole source of calories, but used as part of an overall program of healthy eating. Dissolves well in liquids. Also try a scoop mixed into a healthy smoothie (see Paleomeal Recipes).
NOTICE: Accurate serving size can only be determined by weight. A scoop is provided to help approximate this serving size. For the most accurate results, fill scoop and tap the bottom 3 or 4 times, then with a digital scale tare out the scoop weight, and weigh the powder.
PaleoMeal does contain phosphatidyl choline which is derived from soy lecithin. People with sensitivities to soy is mainly generated from the protein fraction of soy. The phosphatidyl choline in PaleoMeal is coming from the fat fraction of soy and will have little to no protein residues in the end product. As with all allergy situations, if a person is extremely allergic to soy or has an anaphylaxis type reaction, they would want to either avoid this product or start with very small amounts to see if they have no reaction. Otherwise, they should be able to tolerate this product just fine.
The manufacturer of PaleoMeal states that it is stable at all shipping temperatures up to 150 degrees Fahrenheit as long as it is in dry form (i.e. do not add boiling liquids). It is completely stable for a minimum of two years.
Trademark Information: Proserum® is a registered trademark of Wellwisdom, LLC. TRAACS is a registered trademarks of Albion Laboratories Inc.
STORE IN A COOL, DRY PLACE. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.
Paleomeal has been my #1 seller and personal favorite whey protein powder for years. It's the healthiest whey protein available.
I have a healthy smoothie almost every morning alternating between the flavors. I mix in 1 Tbsp. of Finest Pure Fish Oil by Pharmax as well as 1 tsp. of HLC High Potency probiotic powder for a perfect breakfast.
Other excellent smoothie add-ins include Berry Frutol (delicious Fish Oil Pure) by Pharmax, and Phosphatidyl Choline powder to strengthen the liver and detox against alcohol, medications, and toxins in food and the air.
Safe and especially recommended for pregnant and lactating women as it helps prevent preeclampsia (high blood pressure) and protein in the urine (a sign you are not getting enough protein).
The Benefits of Whey Protein High quality protein is one of the most important nutrients to consume throughout the day, as protein raises protective HDL cholesterol, lowers triglycerides, improves insulin action, promotes lean muscle growth, and creates satiety and blood sugar balance.
PaleoMeal is rich in whey protein, which has the most health benefits of any protein studied. Whey protein increases longevity in animal studies, and enhances liver and heart glutathione concentrations as well.1 Whey protein is rich in cysteine and leucine, which support the detoxification of mercury and other toxic metals from the body.2,3
Tolerated Well in Lactose Intolerant Whey protein is also virtually lactose free, and is therefore well tolerated by those who are lactose intolerant. PaleoMeal is nearly free of the allergenic milk protein casein, and is often well tolerated by those who are dairy sensitive.
Better than Soy Whey protein is nature's richest source of biologically active protein. Unlike soy protein, which is low in the amino acid methionine, whey protein contains all the amino acids the body needs in the best balance yet discovered in any food. Whey protein is derived from milk. Lactase enzyme was added to aid in the digestion of the small amount of lactose in this product. Those who are sensitive to milk products may be able to tolerate this whey protein, however, if you are allergic to milk and milk products, use PaleoMeal under the guidance of your health care practitioner.
Technical Details on PaleoMeal Whey Protein
Whey concentrate, not isolate (read more below).
Made from ProSerum protein.
Not hydrolyzed
No cross-flow filtration, no microfiltration, no ultrafiltration, or ion exchange because these methods denature the original, native proteins.
Source of milk for this product is from cows that graze on pesticide-free, chemical-free, natural grass pastures. Grass fed animals have higher levels of essential fatty acids and CLA. The milking cows are never subjected to any growth hormone treatment, chemicals, antibiotics, genetically modified organisms, hyperimmunization or injected pathogens.
Never exposed to high heat temperatures.
Uniquely designed to maintain the full range of all the fragile immune boosting and regenerative components naturally present in whole fresh milk.
The Proprietary native whey protein concentrate (Proserum®) used in Whey Cool and PaleoMeal is stable at all shipping temperatures up to 150 degrees Fahrenheit as long as it is in dry form. We have never encountered temperatures higher than that with any shipper. The product is completely stable for a minimum of two years.
Advantages of a Biologically Active and Complete Protein Paleomeal is 100% biologically active and a naturally complete protein which contains exceptional amounts of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and covalent bonded cysteine. These are essential for maintaining a healthy immune system and are a critical part of anti-aging. Naturally occurring cysteine is the rate limiting amino acid for intracellular Glutathione production. Glutathione is our master antioxidant and detoxifier. Biologically active proteins repair RNA and DNA, antioxidants (Glutathione precursors), are complete amino acids, protect against ionizing radiation, improve liver and lung function, aid red blood cell production, support chemotherapy treatment, safely bind and detoxify heavy metals, aid wound healing, and help growth and repair of muscles.
The Importance of Cysteine vs. Cystine This biologically active whey protein contains naturally occurring Cysteine. It is the optimal component for the intracellular production of Glutathione (GSH). Cysteine is very scarce in our modern diet and therefore Glutathione production is limited and deficiency is prevalent. If Cysteine undergoes any heating or processing, as all conventional dairy products do, it is denatured and converted to Cystine. The Journal of the American College of Nutrition Volume 5, 1986, published a paper by Anderson and Meister titled "Intracellular Delivery of Cysteine and Glutathione Delivery Systems." It concluded that when subjects were fed naturally occurring Cysteine, it gave them significantly more production of Glutathione than when fed Cystine. Eleven times more.
Whey Protein Concentrate The Journal of Immunology 61: 503-508, 1987 reports, "The bioactivity occurs through the ability of the protein concentrate to help replenish Glutathione levels via continuous dietary provision of Glutathione precursors, especially Cysteine, during lymphocyte proliferation, thus supporting an optimal immune response. This process seems to not only increase intercellular levels of Glutathione and precursors at the time of ingestion, but also builds up stores of these substances within the cells which lasts for a substantial post-ingestion time interval."
Why protein concentrate and not protein isolate?
Research has shown that the isolate form of whey actually denature the immunoglobins that boost the immune system. Designs for Health has thought about using this process, but replacing the immunoglobins in the isolate form is cost inhibitive. Therefore the best compromise is to use the concentrate form, which is a true non-denaturing process and would have great benefits on the immune system.
The bioactivity occurs through the ability of the protein concentrate to help replenish Glutathione levels via continuous dietary provision of Glutathione precursors, especially Cysteine, during lymphocyte proliferation, thus supporting an optimal immune response. This process seems to not only increase intercellular levels of Glutathione and precursors at the time of ingestion, but also builds up stores of these substances within the cells which lasts for a substantial post-ingestion time interval.
Use in hot beverages? No, we do not recommend you heat Paleomeal or use it in hot beverages - unless you add it to a warm beverage under 90 degrees. Some of the immunosupportive nutrients will not survive heating. However some of the immune properties as well as the other beneficial aspects of the protein, such as blood sugar regulation and general protein function (hormone production, lean tissue maintenance/growth, etc.) will still be present.
PaleoMeal is a powdered nutrition formula designed to promote peak wellness by optimizing intake of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and micronutrients. The ingredients make this formula ideal for those needing support with weight control, GI health, detoxification, immune issues, heavy metals, and muscle gain. PaleoMeal is made with exceptional quality whey protein, which comes from herds that graze on pesticide-free, chemical-free natural grass pastures. These milking cows are never given bovine growth hormone or any other hormones (No rBST or rBGH), genetically modified organisms or injected pathogens. (*not yet USDA Certified Organic whey).
This whey protein is never exposed to high heat temperatures. The result is the highest quality protein supplement, rich in immunoglobulins and lactoferrin. Free of artificial flavors and sweeteners, PaleoMeal is available in natural vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry flavors. Chocolate PaleoMeal has 3 mg of caffeine per serving naturally from the chocolate.
PaleoMeal in Combination Therapies for:
Weight Loss
Lipid Management
Type II Diabetic Control
Blood Sugar Balance
Hypoglycemia
Mercury Toxicity
Weight Training
Yeast Overgrowth
Benefits Of Protein Protein raises HDL, lowers triglycerides, benefits insulin resistance, promotes lean muscle growth, promotes satiety and gluconeogenesis. Animal studies show that whey protein increases longevity in aging mice and enhances liver and heart glutathione concentrations.(1) Whey protein provides a good source of the amino acids, cysteine and leucine, which support the production of detoxifying elements needed to eliminate mercury from the body.2, 3 DFH chose whey protein not just because it is an outstanding source of complete protein, but also for its host of other benefits, including immune-boosting.
Summary Of Whey Protein Research:
The lactoferrin and lactoferricin it contains are bacteriostatic(7) Due to its high cysteine content it raises glutathione levels by 40-64%6 Suppresses appetite via CCK (Cholecystokinin) stimulation (caused by glycomacropeptides)(8) Increases osteoblastic bone formation and reduces osteoclastic bone resorption9 Shown to increase bone density and to improve urine and serum metabolic indices for osteoporosis(10) Shown to improve intestinal permeability and protect from GI radiation damage(11, 12) Shown to reduce E. coli, H. pylori and cryptosporidium infection in the GI tract(13), 7
Phosphatidyl Choline PaleoMeal contains 840 mg of phosphatidyl choline per serving, which is the most important nutrient for liver support. This is because liver cell membranes are made of phosphatidyl choline. Supporting the liver is important whenever a patient is working with toxic chemicals or lives in a polluted area, takes prescription or over the counter medications, or has any form of hepatitis.
Flaxseed Powder Flaxseeds contain lignans which have shown positive effects in relieving menopausal hot flashes. Lignans also have anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity.(14)
Glutamine Glutamine is an amino acid which is essential for the health of the immune system and digestive tract. It also helps promote optimal muscle growth and strength. PaleoMeal can be used as part of a protocol for leaky gut syndrome and poor immune function especially with the extra 900 mg of added glutamine contained in the formula.
Folic Acid Folic acid has been shown in research to lower homocysteine levels. Homocysteine is a toxic by-product of amino acid metabolism that has been linked to atherosclerosis,(4) depression, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.(5) PaleoMeal contains 200 mcg of folic acid per serving.
Glutathione Glutathione is the body's master antioxidant. Maintaining an adequate supply in the body gives more fuel towards the fight against free radicals which are found in everything including our air, food, and water. Studies show that supplementation with whey protein increases plasma glutathione levels of HIV-infected patients by up to 44%.6
Paleomeal Frequently Asked Questions
Q: If I have allergies to soy can I take phosphatidyl choline found in your Phosphatidyl choline powder, softgels and your PaleoMeal? A: Phosphatidyl choline is a phospholipid and contains no protein parts from soy. Proteins are the part of the food that most people are allergic to. Those very sensitive to soy should try phosphatidyl choline in small doses at first to see if they tolerate the product.
Q: I understand only the Vanilla PaleoMeal is unsweetened. What sweeteners are used in the other PaleoMeal products? A: The "Science First" philosophy of Designs for Health dictates that we use no artificial sweeteners such as sucralose, saccharine, or Nutrasweet, as well as not use natural sweeteners like sucrose and fructose which negatively impact metabolic syndrome and other health conditions. In the sweetened Paleomeal products we use only beneficial sweeteners like xylitol and stevia. Our natural flavors DO NOT contain MSG.
Q: Will the xylitol or stevia have any effect on insulin? A: No.
Q: Are all flavors good for children, pregnant and lactating women? A: PaleoMeal has detoxifying nutrients, and should cautiously be used by pregnant or lactating women with permission from their medical doctor. For children, adjust serving size appropriate for weight.
Q: Can this be used as a meal replacement? A: Yes it can. PaleoMeal contains adequate protein (17g per scoop of Vanilla and 11 g per scoop of Chocolate) for a meal and very little carbohydrates, making it ideal for low carbohydratan I take phosphatidyl choline found in your Phosphatidyl choline powder, softgels and your PaleoMeal? A: Phosphatidyl choline is a phospholipid and contains no protein parts from soy. Proteins are the part of the food that most people are allergic to. Those very sensitive to soy should try phosphatidyl choline in small doses at first to see if they tolerate the product.
Q: I understand only the Vanilla PaleoMeal is unsweetened. What sweeteners are used in the other PaleoMeal products? A: The "Science First" philosophy of Designs for Health dictates no use of artificial sweeteners such as sucralose, saccharine, or Nutrasweet, as well as no use of natural sweeteners like sucrose and fructose which negatively impact metabolic syndrome and other health conditions. In the sweetened Paleomeal products Designs for Health uses only beneficial sweeteners like xylitol and stevia. Designs for Health's natural flavors DO NOT contain MSG.
Q: Will the xylitol or stevia have any effect on insulin? A: No.
Q: Are all flavors good for children, pregnant and lactating women? A: PaleoMeal has detoxifying nutrients, and should cautiously be used by pregnant or lactating women with permission from their medical doctor. For children, adjust serving size appropriate for weight.
Q: Can this be used as a meal replacement? A: Yes it can. PaleoMeal contains adequate protein (17g per scoop of Vanilla and 11 g per scoop of Chocolate) for a meal and very little carbohydrates, making it ideal for low carbohydrate dieting. The carbohydrates contained in PaleoMeal come only from fiber and natural, low glycemic index, xylitol sweetener.
Bounous G, Gervais F, Amer V, Batist G, Gold P. The influence of dietary whey protein on tissue glutathione and the diseases of aging. Clin Invest Med 1989; 12:343-9.
Kerper LE ea. Methyl-mercury, transport across the blood-brain barrier by an amino acid carrier. Am J Physiol 1992; 262:R761-R765.
Quig D. Cysteine metabolism and metal toxicity. Altern Med Rev 1998; 3:262-70.
Vermeulen EG, Stehouwer CD, Twisk JW, et al. Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B6 on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: arandomised, placebo- controlled trial [see comments]. Lancet 2000; 355:517-22.
Selhub J, Bagley LC, Miller J, Rosenberg IH. B vitamins, homocysteine, and neurocognitive function in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:614S-620S.
Micke P, Beeh KM, Schlaak JF, Buhl R. Eur J Clin Invest. 2001 Feb;31(2):171-8.
Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2004 Mar 2. A novel synthetic peptide derivative from lactoferrin exhibits antimicrobial activity. Ramesh, et al.
Regul Pept. 1995 May 30;57(2):123-31. Elevation of plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) immunoreactivity by fat, protein, and amino acids in the cat, a carnivore. Backus RC, Rosenquist GL, Rogers QR, Calam J, Morris JG.
High mobility group-like protein in bovine milk stimulates the proliferation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Jul 22;261(1):113- 7. Yamamura J, Takada Y, Goto M, Kumegawa M, Aoe S.
Bone. 2000 Sep;27(3):403-8.Milk basic protein: a novel protective function of milk against osteoporosis. Toba Y, Takada Y, Yamamura J, Tanaka M, Matsuoka Y, Kawakami H,Itabashi A, Aoe S, Kumegawa M.
Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1996 Mar; 82(3): 117-24. The dietary correction of the permeability of the protective intestinal barrier in rats after gamma irradiation. Gmoshinskii IV, Radchenmko SN, Zorin SN, Mazo VK.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 May;77(5):1296-303. Dietary supplementation with zinc and a growth factor extract derived from bovine cheese whey improves methotrexate-damaged rat intestine. Tran CD, Howarth GS, Coyle P, Philcox JC, Rofe AM, Butler RN.
Pediatr Res. 2002 Mar;51(3):370-6. Oral bovine serum concentrate improves cryptosporidial enteritis in calves. Hunt E, Fu Q, Armstrong MU, Rennix DK, Webster DW, Galanko JA, Chen W, Weaver EM, Argenzio RA, Rhoads JM.
Antiviral Res. 2000 Jul;47(1):19-28.Inhibition of human papillomavirus type 16 gene expression by nordihydroguaiaretic acid plant lignan derivatives. Craigo J, Callahan M, Huang RC, DeLucia AL.